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Dhanian πŸ—―οΈ
 @e_opore
Oct 24
Linux Kernel Architecture 1. Introduction β†’ The Linux Kernel is the core part of the Linux operating system. β†’ It acts as a bridge between hardware and software applications. β†’ It manages processes, memory, devices, and system calls. 2. Core Responsibilities β†’ Process Management β€” handles process creation, scheduling, and termination. β†’ Memory Management β€” allocates and manages virtual and physical memory. β†’ File System Management β€” provides access to files and directories through the Virtual File System (VFS). β†’ Device Management β€” communicates with hardware via device drivers. β†’ Network Management β€” manages network protocols and interfaces. β†’ System Calls β€” provides interfaces for user-space programs to interact with the kernel. 3. Kernel Modes β†’ User Mode: Applications run here with restricted access. β†’ Kernel Mode: The kernel runs here with full access to system resources. β†’ The system switches between these modes through system calls and interrupts. 4. Major Components β†’ 1. Process Scheduler β†’ Manages process execution order. β†’ Balances CPU load efficiently. β†’ Uses algorithms like CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler). β†’ 2. Memory Manager β†’ Handles paging, swapping, and memory allocation. β†’ Manages physical and virtual memory. β†’ Uses demand paging for optimization. β†’ 3. Virtual File System (VFS) β†’ Provides a common interface for different file systems. β†’ Supports file systems like ext4, FAT, NTFS, etc. β†’ Offers system calls such as open(), read(), and write(). β†’ 4. Device Drivers β†’ Allow the kernel to communicate with hardware devices. β†’ Each device type (block, character, network) has its own driver interface. β†’ Operates via /dev entries. β†’ 5. Network Stack β†’ Implements TCP/IP, UDP, and other protocols. β†’ Handles data transmission between applications and physical networks. β†’ Uses sockets for communication. β†’ 6. System Call Interface (SCI) β†’ Acts as a gateway between user-space applications and kernel-space operations. β†’ Converts API requests (e.g., printf, fork) into kernel-level tasks. 5. Kernel Types β†’ Monolithic Kernel: All services run in kernel space for performance (Linux uses this model). β†’ Microkernel: Minimal kernel; runs most services in user space. β†’ Hybrid Kernel: Mixes both for flexibility (used in Windows and macOS). 6. Boot Process Overview β†’ BIOS/UEFI initializes hardware. β†’ Bootloader (like GRUB) loads the kernel into memory. β†’ Kernel initializes devices, mounts the root file system, and starts init. β†’ System transitions to user space and starts essential services. 7. Interprocess Communication (IPC) β†’ Enables processes to communicate and synchronize. β†’ Mechanisms include:  → Pipes  → Message Queues  → Shared Memory  → Semaphores  → Signals 8. Kernel Modules β†’ Dynamically loadable components extending kernel functionality. β†’ Useful for device drivers, file systems, or system features. β†’ Managed using commands:  → insmod β€” load a module  → rmmod β€” remove a module  → lsmod β€” list loaded modules 9. Security and Permissions β†’ Uses User IDs (UIDs) and Group IDs (GIDs) for access control. β†’ Enforces permissions via file modes (read, write, execute). β†’ Supports advanced systems like SELinux and AppArmor for enhanced security. 10. Tip β†’ The Linux Kernel is modular, stable, and scalable. β†’ It efficiently handles hardware, memory, processes, and communication. β†’ Its open-source nature allows customization, performance tuning, and community-driven improvement. βœ… Learn More About Linux, System Architecture, and OS Concepts in This Ebook: codewithdhanian.gumroad.com/…
This is nice document. Kernel is working for brigde of user mode and kernel mode. We can’t access to Kernel mode as general. And not work hard ware resources if we can’t call function of kernel mode state.
Dhanian πŸ—―οΈ
 @e_opore
Oct 24
Linux Kernel Architecture 1. Introduction β†’ The Linux Kernel is the core part of the Linux operating system. β†’ It acts as a bridge between hardware and software applications. β†’ It manages processes, memory, devices, and system calls. 2. Core Responsibilities β†’ Process Management β€” handles process creation, scheduling, and termination. β†’ Memory Management β€” allocates and manages virtual and physical memory. β†’ File System Management β€” provides access to files and directories through the Virtual File System (VFS). β†’ Device Management β€” communicates with hardware via device drivers. β†’ Network Management β€” manages network protocols and interfaces. β†’ System Calls β€” provides interfaces for user-space programs to interact with the kernel. 3. Kernel Modes β†’ User Mode: Applications run here with restricted access. β†’ Kernel Mode: The kernel runs here with full access to system resources. β†’ The system switches between these modes through system calls and interrupts. 4. Major Components β†’ 1. Process Scheduler β†’ Manages process execution order. β†’ Balances CPU load efficiently. β†’ Uses algorithms like CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler). β†’ 2. Memory Manager β†’ Handles paging, swapping, and memory allocation. β†’ Manages physical and virtual memory. β†’ Uses demand paging for optimization. β†’ 3. Virtual File System (VFS) β†’ Provides a common interface for different file systems. β†’ Supports file systems like ext4, FAT, NTFS, etc. β†’ Offers system calls such as open(), read(), and write(). β†’ 4. Device Drivers β†’ Allow the kernel to communicate with hardware devices. β†’ Each device type (block, character, network) has its own driver interface. β†’ Operates via /dev entries. β†’ 5. Network Stack β†’ Implements TCP/IP, UDP, and other protocols. β†’ Handles data transmission between applications and physical networks. β†’ Uses sockets for communication. β†’ 6. System Call Interface (SCI) β†’ Acts as a gateway between user-space applications and kernel-space operations. β†’ Converts API requests (e.g., printf, fork) into kernel-level tasks. 5. Kernel Types β†’ Monolithic Kernel: All services run in kernel space for performance (Linux uses this model). β†’ Microkernel: Minimal kernel; runs most services in user space. β†’ Hybrid Kernel: Mixes both for flexibility (used in Windows and macOS). 6. Boot Process Overview β†’ BIOS/UEFI initializes hardware. β†’ Bootloader (like GRUB) loads the kernel into memory. β†’ Kernel initializes devices, mounts the root file system, and starts init. β†’ System transitions to user space and starts essential services. 7. Interprocess Communication (IPC) β†’ Enables processes to communicate and synchronize. β†’ Mechanisms include:  → Pipes  → Message Queues  → Shared Memory  → Semaphores  → Signals 8. Kernel Modules β†’ Dynamically loadable components extending kernel functionality. β†’ Useful for device drivers, file systems, or system features. β†’ Managed using commands:  → insmod β€” load a module  → rmmod β€” remove a module  → lsmod β€” list loaded modules 9. Security and Permissions β†’ Uses User IDs (UIDs) and Group IDs (GIDs) for access control. β†’ Enforces permissions via file modes (read, write, execute). β†’ Supports advanced systems like SELinux and AppArmor for enhanced security. 10. Tip β†’ The Linux Kernel is modular, stable, and scalable. β†’ It efficiently handles hardware, memory, processes, and communication. β†’ Its open-source nature allows customization, performance tuning, and community-driven improvement. βœ… Learn More About Linux, System Architecture, and OS Concepts in This Ebook: codewithdhanian.gumroad.com/…
Good
Dhanian πŸ—―οΈ
 @e_opore
Oct 24
Linux Kernel Architecture 1. Introduction β†’ The Linux Kernel is the core part of the Linux operating system. β†’ It acts as a bridge between hardware and software applications. β†’ It manages processes, memory, devices, and system calls. 2. Core Responsibilities β†’ Process Management β€” handles process creation, scheduling, and termination. β†’ Memory Management β€” allocates and manages virtual and physical memory. β†’ File System Management β€” provides access to files and directories through the Virtual File System (VFS). β†’ Device Management β€” communicates with hardware via device drivers. β†’ Network Management β€” manages network protocols and interfaces. β†’ System Calls β€” provides interfaces for user-space programs to interact with the kernel. 3. Kernel Modes β†’ User Mode: Applications run here with restricted access. β†’ Kernel Mode: The kernel runs here with full access to system resources. β†’ The system switches between these modes through system calls and interrupts. 4. Major Components β†’ 1. Process Scheduler β†’ Manages process execution order. β†’ Balances CPU load efficiently. β†’ Uses algorithms like CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler). β†’ 2. Memory Manager β†’ Handles paging, swapping, and memory allocation. β†’ Manages physical and virtual memory. β†’ Uses demand paging for optimization. β†’ 3. Virtual File System (VFS) β†’ Provides a common interface for different file systems. β†’ Supports file systems like ext4, FAT, NTFS, etc. β†’ Offers system calls such as open(), read(), and write(). β†’ 4. Device Drivers β†’ Allow the kernel to communicate with hardware devices. β†’ Each device type (block, character, network) has its own driver interface. β†’ Operates via /dev entries. β†’ 5. Network Stack β†’ Implements TCP/IP, UDP, and other protocols. β†’ Handles data transmission between applications and physical networks. β†’ Uses sockets for communication. β†’ 6. System Call Interface (SCI) β†’ Acts as a gateway between user-space applications and kernel-space operations. β†’ Converts API requests (e.g., printf, fork) into kernel-level tasks. 5. Kernel Types β†’ Monolithic Kernel: All services run in kernel space for performance (Linux uses this model). β†’ Microkernel: Minimal kernel; runs most services in user space. β†’ Hybrid Kernel: Mixes both for flexibility (used in Windows and macOS). 6. Boot Process Overview β†’ BIOS/UEFI initializes hardware. β†’ Bootloader (like GRUB) loads the kernel into memory. β†’ Kernel initializes devices, mounts the root file system, and starts init. β†’ System transitions to user space and starts essential services. 7. Interprocess Communication (IPC) β†’ Enables processes to communicate and synchronize. β†’ Mechanisms include:  → Pipes  → Message Queues  → Shared Memory  → Semaphores  → Signals 8. Kernel Modules β†’ Dynamically loadable components extending kernel functionality. β†’ Useful for device drivers, file systems, or system features. β†’ Managed using commands:  → insmod β€” load a module  → rmmod β€” remove a module  → lsmod β€” list loaded modules 9. Security and Permissions β†’ Uses User IDs (UIDs) and Group IDs (GIDs) for access control. β†’ Enforces permissions via file modes (read, write, execute). β†’ Supports advanced systems like SELinux and AppArmor for enhanced security. 10. Tip β†’ The Linux Kernel is modular, stable, and scalable. β†’ It efficiently handles hardware, memory, processes, and communication. β†’ Its open-source nature allows customization, performance tuning, and community-driven improvement. βœ… Learn More About Linux, System Architecture, and OS Concepts in This Ebook: codewithdhanian.gumroad.com/…
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