I have a 4004 chip and got to SEM it and tried to just delve a tiny bit into the fabrication of it along with some other early technologies: matt.engineer/single-post5.h…
I remember when I started my first job in the semiconductor industry (analog/RF stuff) in the late 90s, there were still some huge light tables in the company basement that had been used to do layouts in the 70s/80s.
Reminds me of the scribe coat that my mom used in the 60s and 70s to make maps. They would use special tools and templates to etch away the coating to make a mask for blueprints, etc. Which reminds me of the blueprinting machine I operated while a student at university. Ah, ammonia. And old drawings on onion skin that you're terrified of tearing and really should have been put in archives.
This is how a stranded via ended up in the middle of the die. The vias are masked in a different layer than the metalization. They removed a trace in one of the metal layers and left the via, since it didn't matter any more.