Six diets were evaluated for their effect on speed of aging, plant-based and health-conscious diets slow aging the most, while fast food accelerates it.
Diet defines your speed of aging, even in our early 20s. Genetics also play a big role in modulating diet’s effect on biological aging.
Published today, a report shared the results of nutritional tracking of 413 twins (n=826, aged 21-25, 58.2% females) from the famous FinnTwin study.
Based on detailed self-reporting a data-driven statistical model identified 6 nutritional patterns among participants (instead of theoretically assuming dietary patterns, a data-driven approach was used to cluster participants into patterns).
Dietary patterns identified:
1. High fast-food, low fruits and vegetables
2. Plant based
3. Health conscious
4. Western with infrequent fish
5. Western with fish
6. Balanced average of all
The effects of each the dietary patterns were compared population wise, and then within-paid analysis for 363 twin pairs (206 dizygotic, and 157 monozygotic) compared pairwise for the effect of their dietary choices and patterns on their biological age (GrimAge clock) and speed of aging (PACE clock)
Twins are a precious clinical data mine, since they make perfect genetic controls on the case of monozygotic (real) twins, dizygotic (fraternal) twins share only 50% of their genomes (similar to normal siblings) but still offer the perfect control for all early environmental exposure in the womb and normally through childhood and adolescence.
Comparing the effects in monozygotic vs dizygotic twins is a great tool to determine the genetic contribution to the phenomenon being studied.
Three statistical models were used to evaluate the data, with increasing stringency of eliminating confounding variables:
Model 1: adjusted for family relatedness, total nonalcoholic energy intake, and sex
Model 2: Model 1 + smoking status and alcohol intake
Model 3: Model 2 + BMI and the Baecke sport index
Findings:
i. The plant based diet was associated with highest reductions in the speed of aging, both on an entire population basis and in the pairwise comparisons of mono- and di-zygotic twins.
ii. All dietary patterns also reduced the speed of aging compared to the high fast food low fruits and vegetables diet.
iii. Plant-based diet association with a reduced PACE score held across all 3 models, with gradual decreases in PACE reduction 0.134, 0.109,and 0.08 for models 1,2, and respectively. This pattern held across most diets, with few exceptions.
iv. In pair-wise comparisons between twins, plant-based and health-conscious dietary patterns were associated with the highest speed of aging reductions in both monozygotic and dizygotic twins, across all three confounder adjustment models. All other patterns reduced the PACE score in twin comparisons as well, similar to the whole-cohort analysis.
v. Plant based and health-conscious patterns associated with slightly larger speed of aging (PACE score) reductions in monozygotic compared to dizygotic twins, unlike all other patterns, whose effects dwindled in monozygotic twins. This could indicate that unlike other diets plant based and health-conscious dietary patterns can reduce the speed of aging in a more genetically-independent manner than other diets.
(caveat: the study authors warned from over interpreting the results with the twin-pairs analysis due to the small number of twins with distinct dietary patterns, the plant-based group had particularly a smaller number, which might have affected the results)
The effect of the diets on biological age (GrimAge clock) was also shown in the study, general patterns were comparable, one difference was that the health-conscious pattern exceeded the plant-based in reducing biological age. We focused on the speed of aging in our analysis here due to two reasons i) the younger age of the participants, ii) the lack of a follow-up in the study.