How can spatial transcriptomics achieve whole-genome coverage while maintaining single-molecule resolution without requiring sequencing?
@CellCellPress @YaleMed
"Sequencing-free whole-genome spatial transcriptomics at single-molecule resolution"
• RAEFISH addresses the limitation that existing spatial transcriptomics methods either offer genome-wide coverage with lower spatial resolution (spatial-capture/tagging technologies) or single-molecule resolution with pre-selected limited gene sets (image-based methods like multiplexed FISH targeting typically hundreds to ~3,000 genes), preventing unbiased hypothesis-free analyses at high resolution.
• The authors developed RAEFISH (reverse-padlock amplicon-encoding fluorescence in situ hybridization), an image-based method using reversed padlock probes with invariant ends that enable cost-efficient synthesis, rolling circle amplification for signal generation, and multiplexed FISH-based decoding with a 94-choose-4 coding scheme where only 4% of targets are imaged per round to minimize signal overlap; they demonstrate profiling of 23,000 human genes or 22,000 mouse genes with detection of 3,749 RNA molecules from 1,287 genes per A549 cell, 864 molecules from 494 genes per mouse liver cell, and achieved 8.3% detection efficiency relative to MERFISH while showing 0.66 correlation with bulk RNA-seq.
• Probe libraries were synthesized through oligo pool amplification allowing 2,000+ experiments from one $5,132 purchase ($158 per experiment vs. $19,407 for equivalent STARmap coverage), samples underwent reverse transcription, padlock ligation via splint oligo, rolling circle amplification, encoding probe hybridization, then 47 rounds of 2-color readout FISH imaging for 94-bit decoding using custom wide-field microscopes with 60× objectives capturing 107.9 nm pixels; cell segmentation used Cellpose/Cellpose3 for different tissue types, with ClusterMap for liver, and correlation analyses used Pearson coefficients within assays and Spearman between assays.
• In A549 cells, RAEFISH identified 1,006 cell-cycle-associated genes including known markers (CKS2, CENPF, CDC20 for G2/M; RAD51, RRM1, TYMS for S phase) and 99 cell-cycle-associated lncRNAs, with lncRNAs showing higher nuclear ratios than protein-coding genes; in mouse liver (38,338 cells from 2 replicates), all major cell types were identified with clear periportal/pericentral zonation patterns, 65-208 zonation markers per cell type including cell-type-invariant markers (Cyp2f2, Cyp2e1, Glul) and cholangiocyte-specific markers (39 pericentral markers enriched for retinol/terpenoid metabolism), plus enriched cholangiocyte-leukocyte interactions with cholangiocytes expressing MHC class II molecules (H2-Eb1, H2-Aa, H2-Ab1, Cd74); in mouse placenta (34,582 cells), decidual macrophages showed higher MHC class II expression while Hofbauer cells expressed angiogenesis genes (Vegfa, Pdgfb), DSCs neighboring vascular ECs upregulated chemerin (Rarres2) and oxidative stress protection genes (Cryab, Txnrd1, Prdx5); in mouse lymph node (102,960 cells), clear B/T cell zone separation was observed with 2 major groups of zonation markers related to antigen presentation (positive markers) and T cell differentiation (negative markers); Perturb-RAEFISH screening 574 genes with 3 gRNAs each in A549 cells detected average 41 gRNA copies per cell with 89.3% single-gRNA dominance, validating target knockdown and identifying 552 perturbation genes significantly affecting expression of 492 MERFISH-probed genes, with hierarchical clustering revealing 52 perturbation clusters and 43 response clusters associated with specific biological processes (e.g., cluster 6: sister chromatid cohesion; cluster 8: DNA damage response).
Authors:
@ChengYubao , Shengyuan Dang, Yuan Zhang et. al
@SStevenWang
Link:
cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092…