Amir Khan @xpeakout
Texas, USA
Joined May 2013
Load newest
1
13
69
DNS & Top 10 DNS attack types
2
27
2
181
Amir Khan retweeted
Dhanian πŸ—―οΈ
 @e_opore
Nov 2
Linux File System Hierarchy 1. Overview β†’ The Linux File System Hierarchy defines how files and directories are structured in Linux. β†’ Everything in Linux is represented as a file β€” including devices and processes. β†’ The top of the hierarchy is the root directory /, from which all other directories branch out. 2. Root Directory / β†’ The root directory is the starting point of the entire file system. β†’ Contains all essential system files and directories. β†’ Every file or directory path begins from /. 3. Key Directories Explained β†’ /bin β†’ Contains essential binary executables (programs) needed for basic operations. β†’ Used by all users and available even in single-user mode. β†’ Examples: ls, cp, mv, cat, bash. β†’ /sbin β†’ Similar to /bin but holds system binaries used for administrative tasks. β†’ Mostly for the root user. β†’ Examples: fdisk, ifconfig, reboot, shutdown. β†’ /boot β†’ Contains boot-related files needed to start the system. β†’ Stores the Linux kernel, initramfs, and bootloader (GRUB) configurations. β†’ Example files: vmlinuz, grub/grub.cfg. β†’ /dev β†’ Stands for devices. β†’ Contains device files representing hardware components like disks, terminals, and USBs. β†’ Examples: /dev/sda, /dev/tty, /dev/null. β†’ /etc β†’ Contains system-wide configuration files and startup scripts. β†’ Examples: /etc/passwd, /etc/fstab, /etc/hostname, /etc/ssh/sshd_config. β†’ /home β†’ Contains user home directories. β†’ Each user has a separate folder under /home. β†’ Example: /home/dhanian. β†’ /lib β†’ Holds shared libraries and kernel modules needed by programs in /bin and /sbin. β†’ Similar to dynamic link libraries (DLLs) in Windows. β†’ Example: /lib/modules, /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu. β†’ /media β†’ Used for removable media like USB drives, CDs, or external storage. β†’ Automatically mounts devices when inserted. β†’ Example: /media/usb. β†’ /mnt β†’ Traditionally used for temporarily mounting filesystems. β†’ Useful for manual mounts during maintenance. β†’ Example: mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt. β†’ /opt β†’ Stands for optional software. β†’ Used for installing third-party applications outside the system package manager. β†’ Example: /opt/google/chrome. β†’ /proc β†’ A virtual filesystem providing kernel and process information. β†’ Does not store real files but dynamic runtime data. β†’ Examples: /proc/cpuinfo, /proc/meminfo, /proc/<pid>. β†’ /root β†’ The home directory of the root user. β†’ Separate from /home for security reasons. β†’ Path: /root. β†’ /run β†’ Contains runtime data like process IDs and socket files. β†’ Cleared on every reboot. β†’ Example: /run/systemd. β†’ /srv β†’ Stands for service data. β†’ Stores files for services like web or FTP servers. β†’ Example: /srv/www. β†’ /sys β†’ Virtual filesystem for kernel and hardware information. β†’ Used for managing devices and kernel modules. β†’ Example: /sys/class/net. β†’ /tmp β†’ Used for temporary files created by users and applications. β†’ Automatically cleared on reboot. β†’ Example: /tmp/install.log. β†’ /usr β†’ Stands for Unix System Resources. β†’ Contains user programs, documentation, and libraries. β†’ Subdirectories include:  → /usr/bin β€” user commands  → /usr/lib β€” libraries  → /usr/share β€” documentation and data  → /usr/local β€” locally installed software β†’ /var β†’ Stands for variable data that changes frequently. β†’ Stores logs, caches, mail, and spool files. β†’ Example: /var/log, /var/tmp, /var/spool. 4. Tip β†’ Linux uses a hierarchical tree structure with / at the top. β†’ Each directory serves a specific purpose , from configuration to user data. β†’ Understanding the file system hierarchy is essential for system administration, troubleshooting, and development. For Mastering Linux, Grab this ebook: codewithdhanian.gumroad.com/…
17
85
1
572
Amir Khan retweeted
sysxplore
 @sysxplore
Nov 2
Networking 101 - Address Resolution Protocol.
4
97
1
588
How NAT works
Abdulkadir | Cybersecurity
 @cyber_razz
Nov 1
What is a NAT?
4
105
610
Amir Khan retweeted
0b1d1 @_0b1d1
Nov 2
Level up your cybersecurity game, one channel at a time. πŸ’»πŸ›‘οΈ #Cybersecurity @theXSSrat @Bugcrowd @NahamSec @stokfredrik Many more…..πŸ‘‡πŸ»
3
110
2
572
12
77
Amir Khan retweeted
Security Trybe
 @SecurityTrybe
Oct 19
What is Network?
3
101
526
Amir Khan retweeted
Security Trybe
 @SecurityTrybe
Oct 27
44
2
281
Amir Khan retweeted
Security Trybe
 @SecurityTrybe
Oct 29
Windows Directories for SOC Analysts
48
1
270
Amir Khan retweeted
Security Trybe
 @SecurityTrybe
Oct 30
Cryptography
47
1
225
PYTHON PROJECTS FOR HACKING
11
107
3
983
Amir Khan retweeted
Security Trybe
 @SecurityTrybe
Oct 30
Networking Commands
3
79
1
455
Amir Khan retweeted
HarmonyHaven
 @HarmonyHaven_1
Oct 28
How to build bulletproof self confidence:
4
226
2
1,714
Linux Boot Process Explained 1. Power On β†’ The boot process starts when the computer is powered on. β†’ The system hardware initializes and control is handed to BIOS or UEFI. β†’ BIOS/UEFI is stored in non-volatile memory and performs POST (Power-On Self Test) to check hardware integrity. 2. BIOS/UEFI Initialization β†’ Detects and initializes hardware devices such as CPU, RAM, disk drives, and peripherals. β†’ Determines the bootable devices (like hard drive, USB, or network). β†’ Once hardware detection is complete, control moves to the Bootloader. 3. Boot Device Selection β†’ BIOS/UEFI selects the boot device based on configuration order. β†’ The boot device contains the bootloader (e.g., GRUB). β†’ The system reads the boot sector to locate the bootloader program. 4. GRUB (Boot Loader) β†’ GRUB (GRand Unified Bootloader) is loaded from the selected device. β†’ Reads the configuration file /etc/grub2.cfg. β†’ Displays a boot menu (if configured) to select the desired kernel or OS version. β†’ Loads the chosen Linux kernel into memory. β†’ Loads essential kernel modules and libraries required for booting. 5. Kernel Initialization β†’ The Linux kernel decompresses itself and initializes system components. β†’ Detects hardware components and mounts the root filesystem (/). β†’ Starts the first user-space process β€” usually systemd. β†’ Switches from kernel mode to user mode. 6. systemd Execution β†’ systemd is the first process in user space (PID 1). β†’ Responsible for initializing all other services and targets. β†’ Reads configuration files from /etc/systemd/system/. β†’ Activates target files like:  → basic.target  → multi-user.target  → getty.target  → ssh.service 7. Running Startup Scripts β†’ Executes system-wide and user-specific startup scripts. β†’ Examples:  → /etc/profile  → /systemd-logind  → ~/.bashrc β†’ These scripts set up the user environment and background services. 8. User Login β†’ Once all startup scripts and targets are executed, the login screen appears. β†’ Users can now log in via terminal, GUI, or SSH. β†’ System is now in a fully operational multi-user state. If you want to master Linux, grab this handbook pdf; codewithdhanian.gumroad.com/…
22
250
4
1,395
16
1
43
Amir Khan retweeted
Security Trybe
 @SecurityTrybe
Oct 29
3
50
189
22
1
121
HACKING GADGETS ! how many you got?
27
94
4
723
πŸš€ Port scanning tools
13
27
Load more