I spent the last 60 days working at Cursor. It's been one of the most thrilling phases of my professional life. There's a lot of mystique around the company. Over the last two months, some things matched my expectations; many did not. I wrote an essay for @joincolossus about things that have surprised me about the company and its culture so far. joincolossus.com/article/ins…

Xpeng’s humanoid robot is giving me a tour of its HQ experience right now. Staff said there’s zero teleportation.

This is ChatGPT's profoundly broken safety system at work keeping users safe from (*check notes*) normal questions about a science fact. Future lawyers looking for evidence of negligence on behalf of OpenAI in protecting users, understand that this right here is how profoundly broken their Safety System is. There's no way it is correctly identifying people who are actually in crisis. (image source: teddit.net/r/ChatGPT/comment…)

Guess I couldn’t hide it any longer… 🤖😅

A tale in 52 pages

So it's acceptable nowadays to say that I spend 10% of my coding time actually coding, and the other 90% just prompting the AI, right? Right?

Why AI is Underhyped and Isn't a Bubble Yet Here's why AI isn't a bubble today. I've distilled the data points and ideas from my previous columns and coverage. If you prefer facts and evidence-based reality over vibes and conflated narratives, enjoy! -Big Tech valuations are reasonable and leverage is low. We're at the beginning of multiple AI super product cycles in the year ahead -We are in the early innings of a technology computing shift to AI, the largest in decades. Think 1994 versus 1999. -Every credible source reports overwhelming demand for AI computing capacity. Where is the overcapacity glut? Nowhere. Valuations -During the dotcom bubble, top technology stocks like Microsoft and Cisco traded at 70 to 100 times forward P/E in December 1999 (remember these stocks went significantly higher in Q1 2000 too) versus today's top stocks (Nvidia etc.) trading at 30x with materially better underlying fundamental growth prospects. -The positive cycle sentiment remains in early stages. The Netscape IPO occurred in 1995, five years before the cycle peak. Is there any doubt the eventual OpenAI IPO will be a Netscape-type success? AI is only two to three years in. Think 1994 versus 1999. -The major buyers of AI infrastructure are the most profitable businesses in history, each generating roughly $100 billion in annual net profit. This is nothing like the debt-driven fiber optic network buildout of the dotcom era. Generational Secular Computing Shift -The global TAM for IT spending is $5-6 trillion annually. The entire technology stack needs restructuring and rearchitecting for AI because this new technology produces better results for corporations and consumers. You either use it or get disrupted by rivals who do. -Think electrification. Think the advent of the microprocessor and personal computer in the early 1980s. It's that significant. -The first growth wave was driven by natural language processing with LLMs and the application of parallel GPU computing. For the first time, computers could understand context from user language input. Previously, if you typed one character wrong in a query request, the computer would fail. GPUs allowed companies to apply incredible computing power to distill and compress knowledge from vast pools of unstructured data. -The current second wave of growth is driven by reasoning models that are significantly more accurate and useful by spending more time working on requests and searching dozens of websites. Reasoning models use 100 to 1,000 times more compute resources than prior models. The next wave will feature increased use of multi-modal models (audio/video) and agents (workflow automation, multi-step tasks). The following wave will be driven by physical AI, drug discovery, factory simulation, and robotics. AI Bubble Skeptic Arguments -Skeptics focus on simplistic narratives without nuance. It's up a lot, so it must be a bubble. OpenAI is losing a lot money! -This mirrors narratives from earlier this year when skeptics claimed the DeepSeek moment meant expensive training runs were no longer needed because DeepSeek was trained with only $6 million in spending (a false statement especially as literally in the same week China announced $140 billion in new AI investment). They also claimed DeepSeek's efficiency meant a computing glut was ahead. Both views proved categorically false and misleading as reasoning models (including DeepSeek!) and better AI models sparked an exponential wave of AI computing demand over the last nine months. -OpenAI's business model divides into two parts. Training new models requires enormous fixed investment, with each model driving roughly 10x more spending. Inference, serving already developed and built models, is extremely profitable. -Do you believe leading AI edge models will be a foundational technology transforming every business worldwide? The answer is yes. Companies view the risk as existential. -100% of Nvidia's engineers use AI coding assistants like Cursor. These AI assistants make engineers more productive by autocompleting code and automatically fixing bugs. All developers will use AI assistants in the future. Customer service? Same. AI will improve chatbots for customer service while giving live agents all the information they need from prior conversations and the latest product updates to improve service quality. Sales agents? Same. Product research and development? Same. AI will test product ideas and iterations while simulating every permutation. -This is happening and will continue happening. It’s inevitable. Every company will use AI in every part of their business. I spoke with executives from Nvidia, Dell, and Microsoft this month. It's occurring everywhere and accelerating. Circularity -Thus far, the vast majority of spending has come from profitable large technology companies. Now concerns about circular vendor spend is rising. -Despite what you hear, much of this hasn't occurred yet, and each gigawatt of spending depends on specific performance technical milestones on both sides (AMD-OpenAI deal). -Yes, the Oracle-OpenAI deal is real with hundreds of billions in RPO. Let's assume it's $300 billion over five years, requiring roughly $60 billion annually. -Alphabet/Google generates about $400 billion in sales with $120 billion profit. Meta generates $200 billion in sales with $73 billion profit. -Markets and investors look at the potential future not the present or past. The question becomes can OpenAI eventually become a technology giant using their AI model advantage and product execution abilities? ChatGPT's user base has grown from 0 to 800 million in three years. Can it reach 2 or 3 billion in another three years? It seems achievable. Like Google in its early years, ChatGPT currently has a scale advantage where the large user base has started a flywheel, enabling ChatGPT to iterate, improve, get more data, and A/B test better answers for users. Nvidia NVL72 Super Cycle – Pre-iPhone Moment -Dan Benton noted that technology investing revolves around product cycles. In just over two years, Nvidia has increased its quarterly data center revenue tenfold. As impressive as this is, the company will likely experience its best product cycle ever over the next few quarters, comparable to the iPhone launch. -Nvidia has recently begun shipping GB200/GB300 NVL72 servers in volume for the first time. Foxconn, a major AI server manufacturer for Nvidia, reports that current quarter AI server revenue will increase 170% year-over-year. -What is the NVL72? The first AI server with 72 GPUs in one server rack versus 8 GPUs in prior models. It offers 25 to 30 times better performance than the previous model and will enable more AI capabilities and use cases. Each server weighs 1.5 tons, contains 5,000 copper cables (2 miles), and offers unprecedented computing density. AI Demand Signs -EVERY credible industry source reports off-the-charts demand and overwhelming compute shortages everywhere. EVERY SINGLE ONE. -Microsoft's Scott Guthrie, head of the Cloud + AI group at Microsoft and member of the senior executive team, told me this month he sees an "explosion" of AI infrastructure usage ahead, driven by reasoning/agents and workflow automation. -TD Cowen: "Based on our checks, 3Q25 would represent the largest inflection in demand we have seen since the inception of the data center industry... a staggering ~7.4GW of U.S. data center capacity was leased by hyperscalers in 3Q25, which would exceed all capacity leased in 2024." Largest inflection in demand in history. Right now. More capacity in one quarter than all of last year. -TSMC's CEO says AI demand is "stronger than" they thought three months ago. Given the strength three months ago, that's remarkable. He then literally describes today's growth as "insane," strongly hinting at guidance and capex raises in January. -Four-year-old A100 GPUs remain profitable today on inference tasks. -Microsoft AI startup employee states: "Many days it feels my whole job is begging for GPUs. It's been that way since 2020 and hasn't become easier." -Anthropic's ARR grew from $1 billion to $7 billion in 10 months. -Crusoe CEO: "Every single customer we talk to is compute-constrained right now." -AI token consumption data points from Microsoft, OpenAI, and Google show exponential growth YTD. Conclusion -Hold on to your hats. We're just getting started. The next several quarters are going to be off the charts.

Scientists in Super Mario Bros have found that they cannot be in a simulation because there seems to be something going on that cannot be modeled in 2d pixels

Cursor 2.0's Browser feature is basically MS Paint for developers 😂 We're literally pointing at web pages and saying "yeah, I want to mess with that" and it just... works. Frontend dev just became as intuitive as doodling. Wild times we're living in.

Good fucking morning, OAI.